Featured Cloudflare Cloudflare custom Nginx logging

eva2000 · May 14, 2018

If you're using Cloudflare in front of your Centmin Mod Nginx web server, then you may want to add custom Nginx access logging for Cloudflare related metrics such as CF-RAY header as well as SSL protocol and ssl ciphers served (previous example).

I added additional logging formats for cf_custom, cf_custom2 and cf_custom3 into /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

Updated with $http_cf_request_id logging

Code (Text):

log_format cf_custom '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local]  '
                   '"$request" $status $body_bytes_sent '
                   '"$http_referer" "$http_user_agent" '
                   '$http_cf_ray $http_cf_request_id';
             
log_format cf_custom2 '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] $request '
               '"$status" $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
               '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for" "$gzip_ratio"'
               ' "$connection" "$connection_requests" "$request_time" $http_cf_ray $http_cf_request_id';
         

log_format cf_custom3 '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] $request '
               '"$status" $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
               '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for" "$gzip_ratio"'
               ' "$connection" "$connection_requests" "$request_time" $http_cf_ray $http_cf_request_id '
               '$ssl_protocol $ssl_cipher';

Then in my Nginx vhost config logs add 2 additional access log using defined custom log formats i.e. cf_custom2 and cf_custom3.

So it changes from

Code (Text):

  access_log /home/nginx/domains/domain.com/log/access.log combined buffer=256k flush=5m;
  error_log /home/nginx/domains/domain.com/log/error.log;

to the below where cf-access.log only contains CF-RAY header and cfssl-access.log has CF-RAY with additional ssl protocol and ssl cipher logging.

Code (Text):

  access_log /home/nginx/domains/domain.com/log/access.log combined buffer=256k flush=5m;
  access_log /home/nginx/domains/domain.com/log/cf-access.log cf_custom2 buffer=256k flush=5m;
  access_log /home/nginx/domains/domain.com/log/cfssl-access.log cf_custom3 buffer=256k flush=5m;
  error_log /home/nginx/domains/domain.com/log/error.log;

Then you can use grep, fgrep, awk and other SSH tools to manipulate and inspect those new logs.

Example of the field numbers for cf-access.log entry which logged Cloudflare request id and CF-RAY header = 41a8a20c1c953343-HKG meaning the request was served from Cloudflare Hong Kong datacenter

Code (Text):

tail -1 /home/nginx/domains/domain.com/log/cf-access.log | awk '{print NR": "$0; for(i=1;i<=NF;++i)print ""i":  "$i}'
1: 180.76.15.158 - - [13/May/2018:22:41:32 +0000] GET /tags/php-54/ HTTP/1.1 "200" 45399 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Baiduspider/2.0; +http://www.baidu.com/search/spider.html)" "180.76.15.158" "-" "39" "1" "0.100" 41a8a20c1c953343-HKG
1:  180.76.15.158
2:  -
3:  -
4:  [13/May/2018:22:41:32
5:  +0000]
6:  GET
7:  /tags/php-54/
8:  HTTP/1.1
9:  "200"
10:  45399
11:  "-"
12:  "Mozilla/5.0
13:  (compatible;
14:  Baiduspider/2.0;
15:  +http://www.baidu.com/search/spider.html)"
16:  "180.76.15.158"
17:  "-"
18:  "39"
19:  "1"
20:  "0.100"
21:  41a8a20c1c953343-HKG

Example of field numbers for cfssl-access.log entry which shows CF-RAY header = 41a8a20c1c953343-HKG as well as SSL protocol used = TLS v1.2 and SSL cipher = ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384. These 2 values are what Centmin Mod Nginx served to upstream Cloudflare (client) and not what Cloudflare served to the visitor. When Cloudflare is in front of Centmin Mod Nginx, then the SSL handshake and connection established is between Cloudflare and Centmin Mod Nginx. In my case it was between the middle Sucuri Cloudproxy which sandwiched between Cloudflare and Centmin Mod Nginx.

Code (Text):

tail -1 /home/nginx/domains/domain.com/log/cfssl-access.log | awk '{print NR": "$0; for(i=1;i<=NF;++i)print ""i":  "$i}'
1: 180.76.15.158 - - [13/May/2018:22:41:32 +0000] GET /tags/php-54/ HTTP/1.1 "200" 45399 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Baiduspider/2.0; +http://www.baidu.com/search/spider.html)" "180.76.15.158" "-" "39" "1" "0.100" 41a8a20c1c953343-HKG TLSv1.2 ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384
1:  180.76.15.158
2:  -
3:  -
4:  [13/May/2018:22:41:32
5:  +0000]
6:  GET
7:  /tags/php-54/
8:  HTTP/1.1
9:  "200"
10:  45399
11:  "-"
12:  "Mozilla/5.0
13:  (compatible;
14:  Baiduspider/2.0;
15:  +http://www.baidu.com/search/spider.html)"
16:  "180.76.15.158"
17:  "-"
18:  "39"
19:  "1"
20:  "0.100"
21:  41a8a20c1c953343-HKG
22:  TLSv1.2
23:  ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384

Inspecting cf-access.log to find the top Cloudflare datacenter regions in requests by inspecting CF-RAY headers logged

For single /home/nginx/domains/domain.com/log/cf-access.log log

Code (Text):

awk '{print $NF}' /home/nginx/domains/domain.com/log/cf-access.log | awk -F '-' '{print $2}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -rn
   492
    71 SJC
    69 NRT
    66 DME
    64 ORD
    52 AMS
    50 SIN
    44 IAD
    40 LAX
    32 EWR
    31 LHR
    30 FRA
    23 HKG
    21 YVR
    17 BOM
    12 ATL
    11 DFW
     6 WAW
     6 MEL
     6 DUB
     5 HEL
     5 CDG
     4 SOF
     4 PDX
     4 ARN
     3 STL
     3 BCN
     3 ATH
     2 SEA
     2 EZE
     2 DEN
     1 VIE
     1 MIA
     1 LUX
     1 LAS
     1 KBP

Nginx logs will get rotated and compressed so you may want to inspect all logs current uncompressed + log rotated and compressed together so you can use zcat/pzcat command instead.

Code (Text):

pzcat -f /home/nginx/domains/domain.com/log/cf-access.log{,-*} | awk '{print $NF}' | awk -F '-' '{print $2}' |  sed -e 's|\"||g' | sort | uniq -c | sort -rn

    281 DME
    230 NRT
    220 YVR
    135 SIN
    131 DFW
    131
    107 IAD
    101 AMS
     91 SJC
     76 LHR
     74 FRA
     67 ORD
     60 EWR
     49 PDX
     36 HKG
     30 BOM
     26 KIX
     24 LAX
     24 BCN
     19 MEL
     19 GRU
     12 CDG
      8 BOS
      7 AKL
      6 WAW
      6 OTP
      6 ATL
      5 PRG
      5 ATH
      4 SEA
      4 DUB
      4 ARN
      3 MIA
      2 KBP
      2 HEL
      2 EZE
      2 DEN
      2 BKK
      1 SOF
      1 LUX
      1 LAS

You'll find the Cloudflare 3 letter datacenter region codes as outlined here.

If you need to know the IATA airport codes use Google

Code (Text):

pzcat -f /home/nginx/domains/domain.com/log/cf-access.log{,-*} | awk '{print $NF}' | awk -F '-' '{print $2}' |  sed -e 's|\"||g' | sort | uniq -c | sort -rn | awk '{print $1, $2, "https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+"$2}'  

398 YVR https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+YVR
390 DME https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+DME
389 NRT https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+NRT
209 SIN https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+SIN
171 DFW https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+DFW
152  https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+
146 AMS https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+AMS
134 IAD https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+IAD
130 SJC https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+SJC
116 FRA https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+FRA
114 LHR https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+LHR
99 ORD https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+ORD
99 EWR https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+EWR
72 PDX https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+PDX
53 GRU https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+GRU
41 HKG https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+HKG
41 BOM https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+BOM
29 LAX https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+LAX
28 MEL https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+MEL
26 KIX https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+KIX
26 BCN https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+BCN
24 CDG https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+CDG
13 ARN https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+ARN
13 AKL https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+AKL
8 WAW https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+WAW
8 MIA https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+MIA
8 BOS https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+BOS
6 SEA https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+SEA
6 OTP https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+OTP
6 DUB https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+DUB
6 DEN https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+DEN
6 ATL https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+ATL
6 ATH https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+ATH
5 PRG https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+PRG
4 EZE https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+EZE
2 SOF https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+SOF
2 LUX https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+LUX
2 LAS https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+LAS
2 KBP https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+KBP
2 HEL https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+HEL
2 BKK https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+BKK
1 CPH https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+CPH

eva2000 · May 17, 2018

Quick look at cfssl-access.log after 24+ hrs of logging on just one server behind Cloudflare.

In log directory cfssl-access.log and cf-access.log logs both current, past day and gzip rotated prior day before that.
Code (Text):
ls -lhrt | egrep 'cfssl-|cf-'
-rw-r--r-- 1 nginx nginx  16M May 16 04:16 cfssl-access.log-20180516
-rw-r--r-- 1 nginx nginx  15M May 16 04:16 cf-access.log-20180516
-rw-r--r-- 1 nginx nginx 2.6M May 16 04:16 cf-access.log-20180515.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 nginx nginx 2.7M May 16 04:16 cfssl-access.log-20180515.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 nginx nginx  16M May 17 00:15 cfssl-access.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 nginx nginx  14M May 17 00:15 cf-access.log
Look at Cloudflare datacenter regions hit according to IATA airport codes for top 10 datacenters via custom cf-access.log
Code (Text):
pzcat -f cf-access.log{,-*} | awk '{print $NF}' | awk -F '-' '{print $2}' |  sed -e 's|\"||g' | sort | uniq -c | sort -rn | awk '{print $1, $2, "https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+"$2}' | head -n20
12653 IAD https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+IAD
12290 FRA https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+FRA
11313 SEA https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+SEA
9698 AMS https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+AMS
9602 SIN https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+SIN
9296 DFW https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+DFW
8480 SJC https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+SJC
8263 NRT https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+NRT
7571 SYD https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+SYD
6326 LHR https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+LHR
6239 YVR https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+YVR
6148 EWR https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+EWR
5146 DME https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+DME
4955 HKG https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+HKG
3729 ARN https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+ARN
2877  https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+
2516 CDG https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+CDG
2240 LAX https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+LAX
2027 HEL https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+HEL
2012 BOM https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+BOM
What about stats for how Cloudflare is communicating SSL/TLS handshake wise to origin backend Centmin Mod Nginx server in terms of SSL Protocol and SSL ciphers via custom cfssl-access.log with filtered out SERVER_IP. Looks like majority of connections are via TLSv1.2 with either ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 or ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384
Code (Text):
pzcat -f cfssl-access.log{,-*} | grep -v 'SERVER_IP' | awk '{n = 2; for (--n; n >= 0; n--){ printf "%s\t",$(NF-n)} print ""}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -rn | head -n20 | column -t
108793  TLSv1.2  ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
40651   TLSv1.2  ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384
22      TLSv1.2  ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305
4       -        -
1       TLSv1    ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA
1       TLSv1.1  ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA
Optimising Cloudflare Origin Backend Communication Performance

From the custom Cloudflare logging done on Centmin Mod Nginx backend origin server, I can see that my Centmin Mod Nginx origin server is using RSA 2048bit SSL certificate hence RSA based SSL/TLS handshake communication with Cloudflare on backend. Hence, I know I can improve the performance by switching my Centmin Mod Nginx to a new SSL certificate using ECC 256bit ECDSA if I wanted more speed.

I can do this by either buying a ECC 256bit ECDSA SSL certificate, using Letsencrypt and change from RSA 2048bit default SSL cert to ECDSA 256bit SSL cert or use Cloudflare's freely provided Cloudflare Origin SSL certificates which have a validity of 15yrs and install the server on Centmin Mod Nginx backend server.

For Cloudflare Origin SSL certificates install on Nginx How to install an Origin CA certificate in NGINX you're just changing the path of existing ssl_certificate and ssl_certificate_key paths.

For RSA 2048bit Cloudflare Origin SSL certificate

For ECDSA 256bit Cloudflare Origin SSL certificate

Note Cloudflare Origin SSL certificates only trusted by Cloudflare so untrusted when used on general web so if you have clients, tools etc that communicate directly with backend Nginx origin server, you may run into issues with Cloudflare Origin SSL certs so need proper trusted SSL certificates like paid or Letsencrypt SSL certificates instead.

ECDSA Performance Boost

If you want even more performance, selecting ECDSA 256bit SSL certificate usage for Centmin Mod Nginx backend origin to communicate with Cloudflare isn't enough as ECDSA performance depends on the Nginx crypto library it's built with - OpenSSL 1.0.2 or 1.1.0 or 1.1.1 version based has vary performance improvements for ECDSA.

OpenSSL 1.1.0 has ~2x times ECDSA performance as OpenSSL 1.0.2 LibreSSL 2.6/2.7 ECDSA.

OpenSSL 1.1.1 in beta has ~30-40% more ECDSA performance than OpenSSL 1.1.0. So up to 2.8x times faster ECDSA peformance than OpenSSL 1.0.2 LibreSSL 2.6/2.7 ECDSA.

Centmin Mod 123.09beta01 and higher's Nginx server supports various crypto libraries and can support OpenSSL 1.0.2, OpenSSL 1.1.0 or OpenSSL 1.1.1 as well as LibreSSL 2.7+ as outlined here. Currently, Centmin Mod 123.09beta01 Nginx defaults to compiling Nginx against OpenSSL 1.1.0 branch latest, 1.1.0h. OpenSSL 1.1.1 is nearly final release once TLS 1.3 is finalized.

nginx -V
nginx version: nginx/1.13.12
built by gcc 7.2.1 20170829 (Red Hat 7.2.1-1) (GCC)
built with OpenSSL 1.1.0h 27 Mar 2018
TLS SNI support enabled
configure arguments: --with-ld-opt='-L/usr/local/lib -ljemalloc -Wl,-z,relro -Wl,-rpath,/usr/local/lib' --with-cc-opt='-I/usr/local/include -m64 -march=x86-64 -DTCP_FASTOPEN=23 -g -O3 -fstack-protector-strong -flto -fuse-ld=gold --param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wimplicit-fallthrough=0 -fcode-hoisting -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -Wno-deprecated-declarations -gsplit-dwarf' --sbin-path=/usr/local/sbin/nginx --conf-path=/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf --with-compat --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_secure_link_module --with-libatomic --with-http_gzip_static_module --add-dynamic-module=../ngx_brotli --add-dynamic-module=../incubator-pagespeed-ngx-1.13.35.2-stable --with-http_sub_module --with-http_addition_module --with-http_image_filter_module=dynamic --with-http_geoip_module=dynamic --with-stream_geoip_module=dynamic --with-stream_realip_module --with-stream_ssl_preread_module --with-threads --with-stream=dynamic --with-stream_ssl_module --with-http_realip_module --add-dynamic-module=../ngx-fancyindex-0.4.2 --add-module=../ngx_cache_purge-2.4.2 --add-module=../ngx_devel_kit-0.3.0 --add-dynamic-module=../set-misc-nginx-module-0.32 --add-dynamic-module=../echo-nginx-module-0.61 --add-module=../redis2-nginx-module-0.15 --add-module=../ngx_http_redis-0.3.7 --add-module=../memc-nginx-module-0.18 --add-module=../srcache-nginx-module-0.31 --add-dynamic-module=../headers-more-nginx-module-0.33 --with-pcre=../pcre-8.42 --with-pcre-jit --with-zlib=../zlib-cloudflare-1.3.0 --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_v2_module --with-openssl=../openssl-1.1.0h --with-openssl-opt='enable-ec_nistp_64_gcc_128'
Click to expand...

For specific details on how to use Cloudflare Origin SSL certificates check out full guide at here.

eva2000 · Sep 18, 2018

Been a while so thought check logged CF access

for top 20 IATA airport code based CF Datacenter connections to my origin

Code (Text):

pzcat -f cf-access.log{,-*} | awk '{print $NF}' | awk -F '-' '{print $2}' |  sed -e 's|\"||g' | sort | uniq -c | sort -rn | awk '{print $1, $2, "https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+"$2}' | head -n20
166880 SEA https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+SEA
108610 FRA https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+FRA
72431 DFW https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+DFW
47621 IAD https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+IAD
47618 AMS https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+AMS
38194 SIN https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+SIN
30617 LHR https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+LHR
27575 ORD https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+ORD
24423 SYD https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+SYD
23454 EWR https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+EWR
23165 SJC https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+SJC
18757 NRT https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+NRT
17968 DME https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+DME
15119 LAX https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+LAX
10865 CDG https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+CDG
9130 HKG https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+HKG
8139 KBP https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+KBP
7935 ARN https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+ARN
7225 MCI https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+MCI
4088 HEL https://google.com/search?q=iata+code:+HEL

Top TLS protocol/ciphers communicated over for CF to origin connections

Code (Text):

pzcat -f cfssl-access.log{,-*} | grep -v 'SERVER_IP' | awk '{n = 2; for (--n; n >= 0; n--){ printf "%s\t",$(NF-n)} print ""}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -rn | head -n20 | column -t
753574  TLSv1.2  ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
107     TLSv1.2  ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384
81      -        -
19      TLSv1.2  ECDHE-ECDSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305
7       TLSv1    ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA

eva2000 · Mar 6, 2019

Cloudflare Enables HTTPS TLS 1.3 Backend Origin Communication

Cloudflare just announced they have officially enabled HTTPS TLS .13 backend origin communication with origin web servers which have HTTP/2 HTTPS TLS 1.3 enabled i.e. Cloudflare Strict SSL mode. Prior to this announcement, Cloudflare edge servers would communicate with your site's origin web server (Centmin Mod Nginx) using TLS 1.2 even if your origin web server supported TLS 1.3. Now with this change, you can speed up your page load speeds slightly as TLS 1.3 saves one round trip time (RTT) on the connection

Centmin Mod 123.09beta01 and newer Nginx builds support HTTP/2 HTTPS TLS 1.3 out of the box now via either OpenSSL 1.1.1 branch (default) or optionally via BoringSSL. Details at Centmin Mod Nginx HTTP/2 HTTPS TLS 1.3 Support. So when you create a new Nginx HTTP/2 HTTPS site with Centmin Mod Nginx, it automatically now has TLS 1.3 enabled

I can verify that Cloudflare is communicating with my Centmin Mod Nginx origin servers over TLS 1.3 protocol now using custom Cloudflare nginx logging I setup on my servers behind Cloudflare.

For my cfssl-access.log log I can see TLS v1.3 being used for connection now with TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 ssl cipher.
Code (Text):
tail -1 cfssl-access.log

54.36.148.175 - - [05/Mar/2019:21:32:04 +0000] GET /threads/gcc-7-3-1-update.14858/ HTTP/1.1 "200" 97042 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; AhrefsBot/6.1; +http://ahrefs.com/robot/)" "54.36.148.175" "-" "421824" "1" "0.400" 4b2f334b8bfb9cb3-AMS TLSv1.3 TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
TLS protocol and cipher stats - TLSv1.3 is starting to show up using ssl cipher, TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
Code (Text):
pzcat -f cfssl-access.log{,-*} | grep -v 'SERVER_IP' | awk '{n = 2; for (--n; n >= 0; n--){ printf "%s\t",$(NF-n)} print ""}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -rn | head -n20 | column -t
299930  TLSv1.2  ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384
191033  TLSv1.2  ECDHE-ECDSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305
173484  TLSv1.3  TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
43      -        -
35      TLSv1.2  ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256

eva2000 · May 3, 2020

Wrote a guide on how you can also do this custom Nginx access logging in JSON format at Nginx - How To Configure Nginx For JSON Based Access Logging

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Welcome to Centmin Mod Community

Featured Cloudflare Cloudflare custom Nginx logging

eva2000 Administrator Staff Member

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Optimising Cloudflare Origin Backend Communication Performance

ECDSA Performance Boost

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Cloudflare Enables HTTPS TLS 1.3 Backend Origin Communication

eva2000 Administrator Staff Member

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